30 September 2015
Contact: World Uyghur Congress www.uyghurcongress.org
0049 (0) 89 5432 1999 or contact@uyghurcongress.org
independent East Turkestan Republic (ETR) by the People’s Republic of
China (PRC) and the 60th founding anniversary of the Xinjiang Uyghur
Autonomous Region (XUAR).
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) will celebrate the anniversaries
with great fanfare and proclaim once again that “Xinjiang” has been a
part of China since ancient times. This claim is based on a misleading
reading of history and the Chinese authorities do not acknowledge that
the current borders of PRC are a succession of the Manchu Qing Empire.
In short, East Turkestan, much like Tibet, would not be a part of PRC
today without the Manchu occupation of the region in 1884. At that
time, the name of the newly annexed region was changed to Xinjiang,
which literally means “new territory” in Chinese and indicates a
relationship between Beijing and the people of the area that does not
extend to ancient times.
The indigenous peoples of East Turkestan – Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Kazakhs,
Kyrgyz and Tatars – are not Chinese, but Turkic. The Uyghur physical
appearance, clothing, dance, music, culture, language, religion and
traditions derive from indigenous origins and did not originate from
ancient China. Historically, they had always belonged to Central Asia,
not China. They had shared similar language, culture, religion, food
and traditions with the Turkic peoples of today’s independent
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan, nothing really much with
peoples in ancient China.
The events marking the 60th founding anniversary of XUAR will not
acknowledge that East Turkestan was an independent nation from 1944 to
1949, at which time Chinese communist armed forces occupied East
Turkestan with the support of Stalin’s Soviet Union. Therefore, the
vast majority of Uyghurs view October 1 as a reason to mourn the loss
of their right to self-determination.
What resulted from the Communist takeover of East Turkestan is the
forced assimilation of East Turkestan into a Han dominated China as
the Chinese state attacks the cornerstones of Uyghurs identity. The
founding of the XUAR in 1955, unlike what the CCP wants the Chinese
people and the world to believe, represented the very opposite of
Uyghur control over their own affairs. The subsequent denial of
fundamental human rights and freedoms to Uyghurs allows Chinese
officials to maintain, without the need for accountability or
transparency, the falsehood of their narrative of progress.
The white paper Historical Witness to Ethnic Equality, Unity and
Development in Xinjiang released on September 24 documents the
contributions of the CCP in East Turkestan, but fails to include how
the CCP administration violently subjugated the region after its
annexation. The white paper details a number of aspects of Chinese
government policy in East Turkestan including political rights,
cultural preservation and economic development, but the reality of
Chinese rule in East Turkestan completely contradicts its claims.
The CCP claims it has poured billions of dollars into East Turkestan
and developed the infrastructure and economy of the region. The
depiction of the Uyghur homeland as a recipient of government largesse
is found throughout the white paper. What is missing is that the
actual beneficiaries of state investment have gone to the Chinese
immigrants transferred to East Turkestan. In an effort to strengthen
Beijing’s control, China has encouraged Han Chinese immigration in
order to colonize, control and dominate the region. As a result,
millions of Han Chinese, seen as loyal constituents and guardian of
the border region by the CCP, settled in East Turkestan over the past
six decades, taking over the land, water and natural resources of
indigenous Uyghurs. The mass Han Chinese immigration to East Turkestan
has systematically reduced the Uyghurs into minority in their own
homeland.
The natural resource extraction industry in East Turkestan, a key
target for government investment is dominated by Han Chinese labor and
managed in line with central government directives, which has siphoned
off oil, coal and natural gas for use in eastern China to fuel an
economic boom that Chinese officials do not seem to think should
extend to Uyghur communities.
The influx of poorly trained and culturally insensitive Chinese
settlers into East Turkestan from outside the region to assist in
local development are indicative of the government’s approach.
Underlying this policy is the belief that progress cannot be achieved
without the intervention of a CCP-led administration. This belief
disregards the achievements of the Uyghur people and their potential
to direct local development.
While the CCP conferred autonomy on the Uyghurs through the XUAR in
1955, the Uyghur people have never enjoyed any kind of rights
enshrined in China’s constitution and Regional Ethnic Autonomy Laws.
All military, political and economic decision making powers rest with
Han officials, especially party secretaries at all levels of the
regional administration. Uyghurs in political positions, such as the
XUAR chairman, serve only as figureheads without decisive power.
Although the XUAR is legally a Uyghur autonomy, the CCP created the
Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC), a state within a
state, occupying strategic border areas and possessing conventional
weapons, which conducts business, commerce and agricultural work in
times of peace and assists Chinese military to suppress Uyghur people
in times of unrest.
These mechanisms have strengthened Beijing’s control over East
Turkestan and not devolved power to the indigenous population. The
political rights outlined in the white paper such as the right to
political participation are a continuance of the fictional depiction
of conditions in the Uyghur homeland. Denial of these political rights
in order to suppress dissent to state policies is another method in
which the CCP consolidates its jurisdiction over East Turkestan.
Forced disappearances, extrajudicial killings and sham trials are a
more accurate portrayal of the Chinese state’s approach to governance
in East Turkestan and undermine any government claim to rule of law.
In China, only Uyghurs are executed for political and religious
offenses.
The CCP has also used global tragedies to repackage its unlawful
repression of the Uyghur people, such as 9/11 and the rise of ISIS.
Since Uyghur people believe in Islam, the CCP has opportunistically
used these events to target Uyghurs’ religious beliefs and practices,
criminalizing every aspect of legitimate religious expression.
Religious leaders, such as imams, are required to attend political
education classes to ensure compliance with Chinese Communist Party
(CCP) regulations and policies; only state-approved versions of the
Koran and sermons are permitted, with all unapproved religious texts
treated as “illegal” publications liable to confiscation and criminal
charges against whoever was found in possession of them; any outward
expression of faith in government workplaces, hospitals and some
private businesses, such as men wearing beards or women wearing
headscarves, is forbidden; no state employees and no one under the age
of 18 can enter a mosque, a measure not in force in the rest of China;
organized private religious education is proscribed and facilitators
of private classes in Islam are frequently charged with conducting
“illegal” religious activities; and students, teachers and government
workers are prohibited from fasting during Ramadan. In addition,
Uyghurs are not permitted to undertake Hajj, unless it is with an
expensive official tour, in which officials carefully vet applicants.
Chinese security head Yu Zhengsheng, who will attend events marking
the 60th anniversary on October 1st, is specifically focused on
targeting Uyghur peaceful opposition to Chinese policies and calls on
the Chinese military to destroy it. China frames this peaceful
opposition as the “three evil forces of terrorism, separatism and
extremism” to demonize Uyghur resistance. Even Uyghurs who accept
Chinese sovereignty, but oppose cultural assimilation and promote
peaceful coexistence between indigenous Uyghurs and Chinese immigrants
run afoul of China’s zero tolerance approach.
The Uyghur people believe the CCP’s ultimate goal is to forcibly
assimilate them into the PRC’s communistic, atheistic and
materialistic culture, which is completely alien to them. The Uyghur
people under Chinese rule have only two choices today. The first is
to, like it or not, unconditionally embrace CCP assimilation, by
voluntarily giving up their Uyghur identity, language, culture,
religion, tradition and values; the second is to go to jail, get
tortured or killed for opposing the CCP’s aggressive assimilationist
policies.
For the first time in their three millennia history, the Uyghur people
face a dire existential threat from CCP policies that target their
identity, culture, religion, language, traditions and values.
Manifestations of this are the implementation of a so-called bilingual
education policy that in fact promotes the use of Mandarin Chinese in
East Turkestan’s schools and the destruction of tangible Uyghur
culture in Kashgar Old City, as well as in other cities. The threat of
an existential threat to the Uyghur people has been evident throughout
CCP administration of East Turkestan; a fact that is not explored in
the government’s white paper and will not be on display during the
October 1st events.
Since 1949, the Uyghur people have suffered from political campaigns
and purges during different periods of CCP administration. In the
early days of Chinese communist armed forces occupation of East
Turkestan led by General Wang Zheng from 1949 to 1954, nearly a
quarter million Uyghurs were massacred for resisting Chinese rule.
During the Land Reform period from 1954 to 1957, tens of thousands of
Uyghurs with lands, properties and wealth were rounded up, imprisoned,
tortured and killed. During the Hundred Flowers campaign from 1957 to
1960, tens of thousands of Uyghur intellectuals, historians, writers,
dissidents, poets and academics were again imprisoned, tortured and
killed for demanding independence. During the Great Leap Forward
period from 1960 to 1963, hundreds of thousands of Uyghurs were
starved to death across East Turkestan. During Cultural Revolution
period from 1966 to 1976, hundreds of thousands of Uyghur
intellectuals, academics, scholars, dissidents, political activists,
independence supporters and former ETR officials were imprisoned,
tortured and killed.
While the Uyghur people enjoyed brief period of limited freedom after
the death of Mao Zedong, founder of communist China, and the rise of
Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970 and 1980s, but the fall of the Berlin
Wall, the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the subsequent
independence of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan put an end to
that. Fearing the Uyghur desire to secede from PRC, like the
neighboring Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan from the Soviet
Union, CCP administration committed mass killings of Uyghurs in Baren
County in 1990 and in Ghulja City in 1997. Since 1996 China has
launched successive strike hard campaigns in East Turkestan and until
this day the “war on terror” has been wielded as a tool to prevent
Uyghurs from voicing their internationally recognized right to
self-determination.
Furthermore, Uyghurs have suffered tremendously due to China’s
three-decade long of nuclear testing in East Turkestan. The effects of
the 46 atmospheric and underground tests conducted in Lop Nor from
1964 to 1996 are absent from the contents of the white paper. Due to
nuclear radiation and pollution, Uyghurs continue to suffer and die
from such tests. Rates of cancer in East Turkestan are 30% higher than
in the rest of the PRC, and according to independent doctors this is a
result of nuclear testing. Cases of leukemia, malignant lymphoma and
lung cancer are all rising. 8 out of 10 children in the villages near
to the four nuclear testing sites at Lop Nur are born with cleft
palates, and congenital deformities such as enlarged stomachs are
common.
Since 1949, one massacre after another has defined the rule of CCP in
East Turkestan, such as the Baren Massacre of 1990, the Ghulja
Massacre of 1997, and the Urumchi Massacre of 2009. An estimated one
million Uyghurs have died under CCP rule since East Turkestan became a
part of the PRC in 1949. The CCP can rewrite the history of East
Turkestan and whitewash the political reality faced by Uyghur people
under its rule today; however that is not going to change the fact
that Uyghur people have suffered immeasurably in China. Today the
Uyghur people are feeling like they are breathing their last breath
due to China’s on-going cultural genocide.
The Uyghur people will simply not accept the CCP’s brutal rule in East
Turkestan and PRC sovereignty. The CCP has attempted to hide the East
Turkestan Question for the past 66 years, but it has become an
international issue and one of the most important national security
issues of the PRC today. The fact is the East Turkestan Question will
simply not go away until the CCP has the wisdom to politically resolve
it to the satisfaction of the Uyghurs and other indigenous populations
of East Turkestan. The way forward is to review past mistakes and
fundamentally change CCP repressive policies targeting Uyghurs,
apologize for the terrible treatment of the Uyghur people, and allow
them the right of self-determination.
The CCP will jubilantly celebrate its occupation, annexation, and
colonization of East Turkestan and the military subjugation of the
Uyghur people for 66 years on October 1. The CCP will celebrate it as
one of the PRC’s greatest achievements since 1949, but China can never
become a great nation if it can’t peacefully resolve its internal
political issues. The age of empire building is already over in the
20th century through the UN-mandated decolonization process. The mark
of greatness for any nation in the 21st century is not to create an
artificial empire by occupying, annexing and colonizing other nations
and subjecting their people to tremendous suffering and death, but to
respect the political choices of other nations and peoples through the
internationally recognized right of self-determination.
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